Bach & Beyond Part 1

Bach & Beyond Part 1

Notes by Alison Ames

In 2011, Jennifer Koh initiated a challenging and inventive three-part series of programs titled “Bach and Beyond,” of which this recording is the first document. Her goal is to emphasize the connections between Johann Sebastian Bach’s large-scale works for solo violin and compositions of more recent vintage. She plays and records works from the centuries since Bach that derive in some way from the Baroque master.

Music by J.S. Bach resonates throughout this first recording in the project, and not just because his matchless Second and Third Partitas for solo violin (ca. 1718–1723) bracket the program. The Eisenach giant’s spirit also hovers throughout the 1924 Sonata No. 2 by Eugène Ysaÿe, and his notes echo in both Kaija Saariaho’s 1994 Nocturne and Missy Mazzoli’s Dissolve, O My Heart, composed in 2010. Ms. Mazzoli’s title comes from Bach’s Saint John Passion (“Zerfliesse, mein Herze”) while Ms. Saariaho’s Nocturne, like the Ysaÿe, cites the time-honored Dies Irae chant almost more than Bach. The entire program itself is not unlike a very large-scale suite.

For violinists, there are probably few greater challenges than the Bach Sonatas and Partitas; they constitute a multi-cragged mountain, each of whose peaks must be conquered by every serious contestant. Originally intended as works for advanced students of the violin more than for performance, these suites have long since passed into concert programs, and also confront many composers interested in writing for solo violin, including the Belgian violinist and composer Eugène Ysaÿe (1858–1931). Bach’s Partita No. 3 in E major, a seven-movement suite of dances, opens the program; although the dance steps themselves are unfamiliar to us today, their names are almost all recognizable from other forms of composition: Preludio, Loure, Gavotte en rondeau, Menuet I and II, Bourrée, and Gigue. The Second Partita, at the end of the recording, comprises Allemanda, Corrente, Sarabanda, Giga, and Ciaccona. (Note that the spellings of these dances might vary as much as the steps themselves.)

Eugène Ysaÿe’s recordings (a few are still available) prove contemporary claims that he was one of the great string players of his day. But in the early 20th century, when critical choice between gaiety and gravity in musical composition turned toward seriousness, frequently to the exclusion of pure joy, Ysaÿe’s popularity began to wane. Nonetheless, students and virtuosos alike still enjoy performing Ysaÿe’s music because it is demanding, fun to play and, ultimately, delicious.

A busy violin virtuoso, Ysaÿe was often called the “king of the violin” by his followers (or “Tsar of the violin,” in the words of the Russian violinist Nathan Milstein). Ysaÿe turned out very little music for solo violin; indeed the Six Sonatas for Violin, Op. 27, published in 1924, total only about an hour in playing time. Belgian scholar José Quitin wrote in a 1938 biography:

Ysaÿe composed his sonatas in bed, in the evening, without an instrument at his side. He would play them the next day with barely a correction or minute change here or there. Each sonata was dedicated to — and written for — a contemporary virtuoso. Ysaÿe studied the special masterly characteristics of each, and wrote with his specialties in mind, spotlighting the particular technical, rhythmic and artistic gifts of Jacques Thibaud, Fritz Kreisler, Georges Enesco, Manuel Quiroga, Mathieu Crickbloom, and Joseph Szigeti.

Ysaÿe’s Second Sonata — an original and technical tour-de-force dedicated to Thibaud — quotes both Bach and the Dies Irae. Each of its four movements has a descriptive title: Obsession, Malinconia, Dance of the Shades, and The Furies. This virtuoso Sonata begins with the jaunty tune that launches the Preludio of Bach’s Third Partita but soon goes its own fanciful way, quoting the Dies Irae almost immediately and dancing between the two tunes for the rest of the first movement. The second movement is meditative, even yearning, with a final, drawn-out statement of the Dies Irae. Another chorale makes up the intricate pizzicato that opens the third movement, variations on which weave through the section’s remainder. The final movement, after some initial drama, settles into the Dies Irae once more. Altogether, this sonata is a tribute to Ysaÿe’s virtuosity: probably few of his contemporaries could have played it well. (The composer might have had trouble playing it later in his career, however, when his bow-arm developed a tremor that led to his early retirement from performing.)

Missy Mazzoli’s Dissolve, O My Heart begins on a resonant and evocative D minor chord — the same one that opens the Chaconne of Bach’s Partita No. 2 — but seems almost electronic as the sound is drawn out to a wisp. Within a few moments, the instrument’s full sonority is deployed. As notes begin to bend, an Eastern quality emerges — perhaps a recollection of the instrument’s early ancestors — while Koh’s delicacy reminds us that music making is not always muscular. A dancelike tune follows the introduction, sometimes bending and sliding on notes even as it continues to dance. The violin’s lower notes are in greater evidence here than in most pieces as virtuosic as this one, which calls for significant control of the bow on the strings — sometimes heavy, sometimes spiccato. A few moments before the reluctant final notes, a single-string rumination begins to take us out before ending on a slide upward toward infinity. Commissioned by the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Dissolve received its first performance, by Jennifer Koh, on May 24, 2011. Kaija Saariaho’s 1994 Nocturne opens with similar sounds, exploring stridency, double-stopping, trills, and pizzicato — sometimes almost all at once. Like the Mazzoli, it periodically approaches a full standstill before eking out a few more tones. The piece “…swirls and skitters around selected pitches, couched in a variety of tonal effects,” (Art Lange, Fanfare, July 2000) but it starts with the familiar notes of Bach’s Partita No. 3 in E major Nocturne is dedicated to the memory of Witold Lutoslawski and is an “exploration of early ideas for [Saariaho’s] violin concerto, Graal Théâtre.” [Chester Music]